The complaining but competent confronter: An experimental examination of the social costs and benefits related to interpersonal confrontations in climate change conversations

Journal Article: Journal of Environmental Psychology

Abstract
Previous evidence has shown that individuals who openly disapprove of a conversation partner’s environmentally undesirable behaviour are subject to negative evaluations from observers, commonly referred to as social costs. This study examined whether these findings can still be replicated several years later and whether social costs are influenced by the perceived morality of a topic.
We conducted three separate experimental studies with in total N = 715 participants. Participants read an online vignette in which provocative statements regarding climate change or injustice were either confronted or not. ANOVAs and moderation analyses were used to compare the participants’ ratings of the characters in the different confrontation conditions and the role of morality.
The results revealed that, regardless of the conversation topic, confronters were evaluated significantly more negatively than non-confronters on only one social cost outcome. For the first time, we also found evidence for the emergence of more beneficial evaluations of confronters in the environmental domain. Furthermore, our findings partially support the assumption that more social costs arise when a topic is perceived as less moral.
We conclude that our findings do not support previous conclusions stating that confronting climate change disregard is less acceptable than confronting racism. Instead, our results suggest that confronters of undesirable behaviour might in general even be perceived as more competent than non-confronters. An important next step for future studies is to examine real conversations and actual behavioural consequences.
Keywords
Interpersonal confrontation; Climate change; Socials costs; Competence; RCT; Morality

A concise overview of the spatial and temporal underpinnings of lexical selection in spoken word production

Book Chapter in Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (Second Edition) 2025

Abstract
Word production and comprehension both require mapping between the meaning, form, and syntactical representations of the word. We refer to the collective set of processes involved in performing this mapping as lexical selection. In the field of word production research, how lexical selection is carried out in the brain is studied using many different methods (e.g., brain imaging with spatial or spatio-temporal resolution, brain stimulation, lesion-symptom mapping), different tasks (different kinds of naming and control tasks), and different experimental paradigms or manipulations (e.g., picture-word interference, blocked-cyclic naming, continuous naming). In this article, we bring together evidence from different word production studies to summarize our current understanding of the spatial and temporal underpinnings of lexical selection.

Keywords
Aphasia; Brain stimulation; Electrophysiology; Lesion-symptom mapping; Lexical selection; Naming; Neuroimaging; Semantic context effects; Speech; Temporal lobe; Word production

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